Holmesian Blog

FreeBSD8.1安装笔记

这是之前给35服务器装完ESXi之后给虚拟机安装FreeBSD8的过程,整理一下放到这里存档吧。


分区划分

(对/和/var有较大的冗余,因为/usr/home、/var/log都已经独立出来,所以16G的根分区显得非常多):

    Filesystem Size Used Avail Capacity Mounted on
    /dev/da0s1a 16G 2.7G 12G 19% /
    /dev/da0s1d 4.7G 10M 4.3G 0% /var
    /dev/da1s1g 40G 20G 16G 56% /data
    /dev/da1s1d 29G 17G 9.6G 64% /usr/home
    /dev/da1s1e 28G 610M 26G 2% /var/log
    /dev/da1s1f 58G 27G 26G 51% /www
    /dev/da2s1d 71G 345M 65G 1% /backup

安装的FB8.1虚拟机使用了三块虚拟硬盘:da0纯安装系统和软件,受快照系统影响;da1和da2是日常数据和备份数据,都为独立属性不受快照系统影响。出任何系统问题只需要恢复系统快照即可恢复网站访问。/www中存放网站程序文件以及附件,/data 中存放MySQL数据,/var/log中存放所有日志文件,/usr/home存放用户数据,/backup为备份内容。

补发一些当时重装FreeBSD8.1的笔记。最小化安装FreeBSD8,再通过PORTS安装Apache、Nginx、PHP、MySQL、Memcache等软件

下载Ports

    portsnap fetch

更新Ports


    portsnap update

更改当前用户使用的Shell:chsh命令永久的将你的shell换为tcsh

改用bash: chsh -s /usr/local/bin/bash

复原csh:chsh -s /bin/csh

一个tcsh配置文件示例


    alias h history 25
    
    alias ls ls -FG
    
    umask 22
    
    set path = (/sbin /bin /usr/sbin /usr/bin /usr/games /usr/local/sbin /usr/local/bin /usr/X11R6/bin $HOME/bin)
    
    set prompt='%B%n%b@%U%m%u %S%/%s %#'
    
    set prompt2='%R?'
    
    set prompt3='CORRECT> %B%R%b (y|n|e)?'
    
    set autolist
    
    set history=2048
    
    set savehist = 2048 merge
    
    setenv LANG en_US.ISO8859-1
    
    setenv LC_ALL en_US.ISO8859-1
    
    setenv EDITOR vi
    
    setenv PAGER more
    
    setenv BLOCKSIZE K

安装axel

    /usr/ports/ftp/axel/

修改/etc/make.conf (找不到这个文件,就新建) ,加入以下内容换成多线程下载


    FETCH_CMD=axel
    FETCH_BEFORE_ARGS= -n 5 -a
    FETCH_AFTER_ARGS=
    DISABLE_SIZE=yes

安装sudo

/usr/ports/security/sudo,sudo的配置文件在/usr/local/etc/sudoers里面。sudo的配置文件不应直接编辑,而应使用 visudo 来进行修改

    %wheel ALL=(ALL) ALL

这个命令指定了wheel这个组的所有者可以使用全部的权限。

    Defaults:M-gtuiw timestamp_timeout=0, runaspw, passwd_tries=1

这个设置密码在一段时间后自动退出

安装Apache


    /usr/ports/www/apache22

    cd /usr/src/sys/modules/accf_data;make clean;make;make install;make clean;kldload accf_data(解决可能出现的内核模块问题)

    cd /usr/src/sys/modules/accf_http;make clean;make;make install;make clean;kldload accf_http(解决可能出现的内核模块问题)
    
    echo 'apache22_enable ="YES"' >> /etc/rc.conf
    
    echo 'accf_http_load="YES"' >> /boot/loader.conf(解决可能出现的内核模块问题)

安装PHP52

    /usr/ports/lang/php52
    
    echo 'AddType application/x-httpd-php .php' >> /usr/local/etc/apache22/httpd.conf
    
    cp /usr/local/etc/php.ini-recommended /usr/local/etc/php.ini

修改php.ini


    open_basedir = /www:/tmp
    disable_functions =passthru,exec,system,chroot,scandir,chgrp,chown,shell_exec,proc_open,proc_get_status,ini_alter,ini_alter,ini_restore,dl,pfsock
    open,openlog,syslog,readlink,symlink,popepassthru,stream_socket_server
    display_errors = Off
    output_buffering = On

安装php扩展


    /usr/ports/lang/php52-extensions
    cd /usr/ports/www/eaccelerator
    make install clean

在php.ini中添加


    zend_extension="/usr/local/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-non-zts-
    20060613/eaccelerator.so"
    eaccelerator.shm_size="32"
    eaccelerator.cache_dir="/data/cache/ea"
    eaccelerator.enable="1"
    eaccelerator.optimizer="1"
    eaccelerator.check_mtime="1"
    eaccelerator.debug="0"
    eaccelerator.filter=""
    eaccelerator.shm_max="0"
    eaccelerator.shm_ttl="0"
    eaccelerator.shm_prune_period="0"
    eaccelerator.shm_only="0"
    eaccelerator.compress="1"
    eaccelerator.compress_level="9"

安装MySQL


    /usr/ports/databases/mysql50-server/
    
    make WITH_XCHARSET=all
    
    cp /usr/local/share/mysql/my-small.cnf /etc/my.cnf
    
    
    /usr/local/bin/mysql_install_db --user=mysql
    
    chown -R mysql:mysql /var/db/mysql/
    
    /usr/local/bin/mysqld_safe -u mysql &
    
    mysqladmin -u root password tobethepassword(修改密码)
    echo 'mysql_enable="YES"' >> /etc/rc.conf

安装ProFTPD

安装webmin

安装CVSUP

    /usr/ports/net/cvsup
    
    ee /usr/share/examples/cvsup/stable-supfile
    
    更新src 一些更新服务器地址
    
    cvsup.freebsdchina.org
    
    cvsup2.freebsdchina.org
    
    cvsup3.freebsdchina.org
    
    cvsup.scivoid.com
    
    cvsup.cn.freebsd.org
    
    更新源码: cvsup -g -L 2 /usr/share/examples/cvsup/stable-supfile

内核配置文件中添加IPF支持 重新编译内核


    options IPFILTER
    
    options IPFILTER_LOG
    
    options IPFILTER_DEFAULT_BLOCK

rc.conf中添加


    ipfilter_enable="YES"
    
    ipfilter_rules="/etc/ipf/ipf.conf"
    
    ipmon_enable="YES"
    
    ipmon_flags="-Ds"
    
    ipnat_enable="YES"
    
    ipnat_rules="/etc/ipf/ipnat.conf"

安装memcache


    cd /usr/ports/databases/pecl-memcache
    make install clean

安装Squid 并选择[X] SQUID_PF Enable transparent proxying with PF


    /usr/ports/www/squid

差不多到这里需要安装的软件全部装完了,这个时候推荐对/www执行一下


    find ./ -type f -print0 | xargs -0 chmod u-x,g-x,o-x

这样就可以去除掉所有网站文件的执行权限,并且可以依照情况去除所有网站目录的r权限,这样即使被取得webshell别人也不能对相应的目录进行列表。(推荐将不需要写入的文件夹的写入权限去除,不需要写入的网站文件夹给x权限,需要写入的网站文件夹给wx权限)

至于通过修改/etc/sysctl.conf和/boot/loader.conf文件调优,实际效果并不明显,但多少还是有些效果的。 不过网上一份流传得很广的sysctl.conf文件是有问题的,连FB的大大都专门逐条解释了相应的错误,下一页贴上我现在用的sysctl.conf文件。

相应的意义可以在网上搜索一下


    # $FreeBSD: src/etc/sysctl.conf,v 1.8.34.1.2.1 2009/10/25 01:10:29 kensmith Exp $
    #
    # This file is read when going to multi-user and its contents piped thru
    # ``sysctl'' to adjust kernel values. ``man 5 sysctl.conf'' for details.
    #
    
    # Uncomment this to prevent users from seeing information about processes that
    # are being run under another UID.
    #security.bsd.see_other_uids=0
    net.inet.ip.sourceroute=0
    net.inet.ip.accept_sourceroute=0
    kern.ipc.nmbclusters=32768
    net.inet.tcp.drop_synfin=1
    kern.maxvnodes=8446
    
    security.bsd.see_other_uids=0
    kern.ipc.maxsockbuf=262144
    net.inet.icmp.drop_redirect=1
    net.inet.icmp.log_redirect=1
    net.inet.ip.redirect=0
    net.inet.icmp.icmplim=200
    net.inet.icmp.icmplim_output=0
    net.inet.tcp.always_keepalive=1
    net.inet.tcp.msl=2000
    net.inet.tcp.blackhole=2
    kern.ipc.somaxconn=1024
    kern.coredump=0

其实IPF配置也是一个大头内容,临时写了一个配置文件,非常简单的内容。需要的可以参考一下,放在下页

默认只开80和443端口


    # allow 21
    #pass in quick from any to 202.101.208.xx mask 255.255.255.255 port = 21
    # allow 22
    #pass in quick from any to 202.101.208.xx mask 255.255.255.255 port = 22
    # allow 80
    pass in quick from any to 202.101.208.xx mask 255.255.255.255 port = 80
    # Allow 443
    pass in quick from any to 202.101.208.xx mask 255.255.255.255 port = 443
    # FTP PASV
    pass in quick from any to 202.101.208.xx mask 255.255.255.255 port 2000 >< 2030
    # Allow 8081
    #pass in quick from any to 202.101.208.xx mask 255.255.255.255 port = 8081
    # Allow ECJTU
    pass in quick from 202.101.208.aa mask 255.255.255.255 to 202.101.208.xx mask 255.255.255.255
    # Allow ECJTU2
    pass in quick from 172.16.86.0 mask 255.255.255.0 to 202.101.208.xx mask 255.255.255.255
    
    #pass in all
    
    # Out going
    pass out quick from 202.101.208.xx mask 255.255.255.255 to any keep state
    pass out all
    
    # ################################################################
    # Loopback Interface
    # ################################################################
    # ----------------------------------------------------------------
    # Allow everything to/from your loopback interface so you
    # can ping yourself (e.g. ping localhost)
    # ----------------------------------------------------------------
    pass in quick on lo0 all
    pass out quick on lo0 all
    
    # ################################################################
    # Inside Interface
    # ################################################################
    # ----------------------------------------------------------------
    # Allow out all TCP, UDP, and ICMP traffic & keep state
    # ----------------------------------------------------------------
    # pass out quick on le0 all head 1
    # pass out quick on le0 proto tcp from any to any keep state group 1
    # pass out quick on le0 proto udp from any to any keep state group 1
    # pass out quick on le0 proto icmp from any to any keep state group 1
    
    ########################################################################
    #Allow in all TCP , UDP and ICMP traffic & keep state
    ########################################################################
    #pass in quick on le0 proto tcp from any to any keep state
    #pass in quick on le0 proto udp from any to any keep state
    pass in quick on le0 proto icmp from any to any keep state

再来一个内核配置文件好了

    只有需要的硬件和支持
    
    
    cpu        I686_CPU
    ident        Holmesian
    
    #Holmesian add this to make the kernel better!
    #IPF
    options IPFILTER
    options IPFILTER_LOG
    options IPFILTER_DEFAULT_BLOCK
    
    options     SCHED_ULE        # ULE scheduler
    options     PREEMPTION        # Enable kernel thread preemption
    options     INET            # InterNETworking
    #options     INET6            # IPv6 communications protocols
    options     SCTP            # Stream Control Transmission Protocol
    options     FFS            # Berkeley Fast Filesystem
    options     SOFTUPDATES        # Enable FFS soft updates support
    options     UFS_ACL            # Support for access control lists
    options     UFS_DIRHASH        # Improve performance on big directories
    options     UFS_GJOURNAL        # Enable gjournal-based UFS journaling
    options     MD_ROOT            # MD is a potential root device
    #options     NFSCLIENT        # Network Filesystem Client
    #options     NFSSERVER        # Network Filesystem Server
    #options     NFSLOCKD        # Network Lock Manager
    #options     NFS_ROOT        # NFS usable as /, requires NFSCLIENT
    options     MSDOSFS            # MSDOS Filesystem
    options     CD9660            # ISO 9660 Filesystem
    options     PROCFS            # Process filesystem (requires PSEUDOFS)
    options     PSEUDOFS        # Pseudo-filesystem framework
    options     GEOM_PART_GPT        # GUID Partition Tables.
    options     GEOM_LABEL        # Provides labelization
    options     COMPAT_43TTY        # BSD 4.3 TTY compat (sgtty)
    options     COMPAT_FREEBSD4        # Compatible with FreeBSD4
    options     COMPAT_FREEBSD5        # Compatible with FreeBSD5
    options     COMPAT_FREEBSD6        # Compatible with FreeBSD6
    options     COMPAT_FREEBSD7        # Compatible with FreeBSD7
    options     SCSI_DELAY=5000        # Delay (in ms) before probing SCSI
    options     KTRACE            # ktrace(1) support
    options     STACK            # stack(9) support
    options     SYSVSHM            # SYSV-style shared memory
    options     SYSVMSG            # SYSV-style message queues
    options     SYSVSEM            # SYSV-style semaphores
    options     P1003_1B_SEMAPHORES    # POSIX-style semaphores
    options     _KPOSIX_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING # POSIX P1003_1B real-time extensions
    options     PRINTF_BUFR_SIZE=128    # Prevent printf output being interspersed.
    options     KBD_INSTALL_CDEV    # install a CDEV entry in /dev
    options     HWPMC_HOOKS        # Necessary kernel hooks for hwpmc(4)
    options     AUDIT            # Security event auditing
    options     MAC            # TrustedBSD MAC Framework
    options        FLOWTABLE        # per-cpu routing cache
    #options     KDTRACE_HOOKS        # Kernel DTrace hooks
    options     INCLUDE_CONFIG_FILE     # Include this file in kernel
    
    # To make an SMP kernel, the next two lines are needed
    options     SMP            # Symmetric MultiProcessor Kernel
    device        apic            # I/O APIC
    
    # CPU frequency control
    device        cpufreq
    
    # Bus support.
    device        acpi
    device        eisa
    device        pci
    
    # Floppy drives
    #device        fdc
    
    # ATA and ATAPI devices
    device        ata
    device        atadisk        # ATA disk drives
    #device        ataraid        # ATA RAID drives
    device        atapicd        # ATAPI CDROM drives
    #device        atapifd        # ATAPI floppy drives
    #device        atapist        # ATAPI tape drives
    options     ATA_STATIC_ID    # Static device numbering
    
    # SCSI Controllers
    device        ahb        # EISA AHA1742 family
    device        ahc        # AHA2940 and onboard AIC7xxx devices
    options     AHC_REG_PRETTY_PRINT    # Print register bitfields in debug
                        # output.  Adds ~128k to driver.
    device        ahd        # AHA39320/29320 and onboard AIC79xx devices
    options     AHD_REG_PRETTY_PRINT    # Print register bitfields in debug
                        # output.  Adds ~215k to driver.
    device        amd        # AMD 53C974 (Tekram DC-390(T))
    device        hptiop        # Highpoint RocketRaid 3xxx series
    device        isp        # Qlogic family
    #device        ispfw        # Firmware for QLogic HBAs- normally a module
    device        mpt        # LSI-Logic MPT-Fusion
    #device        ncr        # NCR/Symbios Logic
    device        sym        # NCR/Symbios Logic (newer chipsets + those of `ncr')
    device        trm        # Tekram DC395U/UW/F DC315U adapters
    
    device        adv        # Advansys SCSI adapters
    device        adw        # Advansys wide SCSI adapters
    device        aha        # Adaptec 154x SCSI adapters
    device        aic        # Adaptec 15[012]x SCSI adapters, AIC-6[23]60.
    device        bt        # Buslogic/Mylex MultiMaster SCSI adapters
    
    device        ncv        # NCR 53C500
    device        nsp        # Workbit Ninja SCSI-3
    device        stg        # TMC 18C30/18C50
    
    # SCSI peripherals
    device        scbus        # SCSI bus (required for SCSI)
    device        ch        # SCSI media changers
    device        da        # Direct Access (disks)
    device        sa        # Sequential Access (tape etc)
    device        cd        # CD
    device        pass        # Passthrough device (direct SCSI access)
    device        ses        # SCSI Environmental Services (and SAF-TE)
    
    # RAID controllers interfaced to the SCSI subsystem
    device        amr        # AMI MegaRAID
    device        arcmsr        # Areca SATA II RAID
    device        asr        # DPT SmartRAID V, VI and Adaptec SCSI RAID
    device        ciss        # Compaq Smart RAID 5*
    device        dpt        # DPT Smartcache III, IV - See NOTES for options
    device        hptmv        # Highpoint RocketRAID 182x
    device        hptrr        # Highpoint RocketRAID 17xx, 22xx, 23xx, 25xx
    device        iir        # Intel Integrated RAID
    device        ips        # IBM (Adaptec) ServeRAID
    device        mly        # Mylex AcceleRAID/eXtremeRAID
    device        twa        # 3ware 9000 series PATA/SATA RAID
    
    # RAID controllers
    #device        aac        # Adaptec FSA RAID
    #device        aacp        # SCSI passthrough for aac (requires CAM)
    #device        ida        # Compaq Smart RAID
    #device        mfi        # LSI MegaRAID SAS
    #device        mlx        # Mylex DAC960 family
    #device        pst        # Promise Supertrak SX6000
    #device        twe        # 3ware ATA RAID
    
    # atkbdc0 controls both the keyboard and the PS/2 mouse
    device        atkbdc        # AT keyboard controller
    device        atkbd        # AT keyboard
    device        psm        # PS/2 mouse
    
    device        kbdmux        # keyboard multiplexer
    
    device        vga        # VGA video card driver
    
    device        splash        # Splash screen and screen saver support
    
    # syscons is the default console driver, resembling an SCO console
    device        sc
    
    device        agp        # support several AGP chipsets
    
    # Power management support (see NOTES for more options)
    #device        apm
    # Add suspend/resume support for the i8254.
    device        pmtimer
    
    # PCCARD (PCMCIA) support
    # PCMCIA and cardbus bridge support
    #device        cbb        # cardbus (yenta) bridge
    #device        pccard        # PC Card (16-bit) bus
    #device        cardbus        # CardBus (32-bit) bus
    
    # Serial (COM) ports
    device        uart        # Generic UART driver
    
    # Parallel port
    device        ppc
    device        ppbus        # Parallel port bus (required)
    device        lpt        # Printer
    device        plip        # TCP/IP over parallel
    device        ppi        # Parallel port interface device
    #device        vpo        # Requires scbus and da
    
    # If you've got a "dumb" serial or parallel PCI card that is
    # supported by the puc(4) glue driver, uncomment the following
    # line to enable it (connects to sio, uart and/or ppc drivers):
    #device        puc
    
    # PCI Ethernet NICs.
    #device        de        # DEC/Intel DC21x4x (``Tulip'')
    #device        em        # Intel PRO/1000 Gigabit Ethernet Family
    #device        igb        # Intel PRO/1000 PCIE Server Gigabit Family
    #device        ixgb        # Intel PRO/10GbE Ethernet Card
    device        le        # AMD Am7900 LANCE and Am79C9xx PCnet
    #device        ti        # Alteon Networks Tigon I/II gigabit Ethernet
    #device        txp        # 3Com 3cR990 (``Typhoon'')
    #device        vx        # 3Com 3c590, 3c595 (``Vortex'')
    
    # PCI Ethernet NICs that use the common MII bus controller code.
    # NOTE: Be sure to keep the 'device miibus' line in order to use these NICs!
    device        miibus        # MII bus support
    #device        ae        # Attansic/Atheros L2 FastEthernet
    #device        age        # Attansic/Atheros L1 Gigabit Ethernet
    #device        alc        # Atheros AR8131/AR8132 Ethernet
    #device        ale        # Atheros AR8121/AR8113/AR8114 Ethernet
    #device        bce        # Broadcom BCM5706/BCM5708 Gigabit Ethernet
    #device        bfe        # Broadcom BCM440x 10/100 Ethernet
    #device        bge        # Broadcom BCM570xx Gigabit Ethernet
    #device        dc        # DEC/Intel 21143 and various workalikes
    #device        et        # Agere ET1310 10/100/Gigabit Ethernet
    #device        fxp        # Intel EtherExpress PRO/100B (82557, 82558)
    #device        jme        # JMicron JMC250 Gigabit/JMC260 Fast Ethernet
    #device        lge        # Level 1 LXT1001 gigabit Ethernet
    #device        msk        # Marvell/SysKonnect Yukon II Gigabit Ethernet
    #device        nfe        # nVidia nForce MCP on-board Ethernet
    #device        nge        # NatSemi DP83820 gigabit Ethernet
    #device        nve        # nVidia nForce MCP on-board Ethernet Networking
    #device        pcn        # AMD Am79C97x PCI 10/100 (precedence over 'le')
    #device        re        # RealTek 8139C+/8169/8169S/8110S
    #device        rl        # RealTek 8129/8139
    #device        sf        # Adaptec AIC-6915 (``Starfire'')
    #device        sge        # Silicon Integrated Systems SiS190/191
    #device        sis        # Silicon Integrated Systems SiS 900/SiS 7016
    #device        sk        # SysKonnect SK-984x & SK-982x gigabit Ethernet
    #device        ste        # Sundance ST201 (D-Link DFE-550TX)
    #device        stge        # Sundance/Tamarack TC9021 gigabit Ethernet
    #device        tl        # Texas Instruments ThunderLAN
    #device        tx        # SMC EtherPower II (83c170 ``EPIC'')
    #device        vge        # VIA VT612x gigabit Ethernet
    #device        vr        # VIA Rhine, Rhine II
    #device        wb        # Winbond W89C840F
    #device        xl        # 3Com 3c90x (``Boomerang'', ``Cyclone'')
    
    # ISA Ethernet NICs.  pccard NICs included.
    device        cs        # Crystal Semiconductor CS89x0 NIC
    # 'device ed' requires 'device miibus'
    #device        ed        # NE[12]000, SMC Ultra, 3c503, DS8390 cards
    #device        ex        # Intel EtherExpress Pro/10 and Pro/10+
    #device        ep        # Etherlink III based cards
    #device        fe        # Fujitsu MB8696x based cards
    #device        ie        # EtherExpress 8/16, 3C507, StarLAN 10 etc.
    #device        sn        # SMC's 9000 series of Ethernet chips
    #device        xe        # Xircom pccard Ethernet
    
    # Wireless NIC cards
    #device        wlan        # 802.11 support
    #options     IEEE80211_DEBUG    # enable debug msgs
    #options     IEEE80211_AMPDU_AGE # age frames in AMPDU reorder q's
    #options     IEEE80211_SUPPORT_MESH    # enable 802.11s draft support
    #device        wlan_wep    # 802.11 WEP support
    #device        wlan_ccmp    # 802.11 CCMP support
    #device        wlan_tkip    # 802.11 TKIP support
    #device        wlan_amrr    # AMRR transmit rate control algorithm
    #device        an        # Aironet 4500/4800 802.11 wireless NICs.
    #device        ath        # Atheros pci/cardbus NIC's
    #device        ath_hal        # pci/cardbus chip support
    #options     AH_SUPPORT_AR5416    # enable AR5416 tx/rx descriptors
    #device        ath_rate_sample    # SampleRate tx rate control for ath
    #device        ral        # Ralink Technology RT2500 wireless NICs.
    #device        wi        # WaveLAN/Intersil/Symbol 802.11 wireless NICs.
    #device        wl        # Older non 802.11 Wavelan wireless NIC.
    
    # Pseudo devices.
    device        loop        # Network loopback
    device        random        # Entropy device
    device        ether        # Ethernet support
    device        vlan        # 802.1Q VLAN support
    device        tun        # Packet tunnel.
    device        pty        # BSD-style compatibility pseudo ttys
    device        md        # Memory "disks"
    #device        gif        # IPv6 and IPv4 tunneling
    #device        faith        # IPv6-to-IPv4 relaying (translation)
    device        firmware    # firmware assist module
    
    # The `bpf' device enables the Berkeley Packet Filter.
    # Be aware of the administrative consequences of enabling this!
    # Note that 'bpf' is required for DHCP.
    device        bpf        # Berkeley packet filter
    
    # USB support
    options     USB_DEBUG    # enable debug msgs
    device        uhci        # UHCI PCI->USB interface
    device        ohci        # OHCI PCI->USB interface
    device        ehci        # EHCI PCI->USB interface (USB 2.0)
    device        usb        # USB Bus (required)
    #device        udbp        # USB Double Bulk Pipe devices
    device        uhid        # "Human Interface Devices"
    device        ukbd        # Keyboard
    #device        ulpt        # Printer
    device        umass        # Disks/Mass storage - Requires scbus and da
    device        ums        # Mouse
    #device        urio        # Diamond Rio 500 MP3 player
    # USB Serial devices
    device        u3g        # USB-based 3G modems (Option, Huawei, Sierra)
    device        uark        # Technologies ARK3116 based serial adapters
    device        ubsa        # Belkin F5U103 and compatible serial adapters
    device        uftdi        # For FTDI usb serial adapters
    device        uipaq        # Some WinCE based devices
    device        uplcom        # Prolific PL-2303 serial adapters
    device        uslcom        # SI Labs CP2101/CP2102 serial adapters
    device        uvisor        # Visor and Palm devices
    device        uvscom        # USB serial support for DDI pocket's PHS
    # USB Ethernet, requires miibus
    #device        aue        # ADMtek USB Ethernet
    #device        axe        # ASIX Electronics USB Ethernet
    #device        cdce        # Generic USB over Ethernet
    #device        cue        # CATC USB Ethernet
    #device        kue        # Kawasaki LSI USB Ethernet
    #device        rue        # RealTek RTL8150 USB Ethernet
    #device        udav        # Davicom DM9601E USB
    # USB Wireless
    #device        rum        # Ralink Technology RT2501USB wireless NICs
    #device        uath        # Atheros AR5523 wireless NICs
    #device        ural        # Ralink Technology RT2500USB wireless NICs
    #device        zyd        # ZyDAS zb1211/zb1211b wireless NICs
    
    # FireWire support
    device        firewire    # FireWire bus code
    #device        sbp        # SCSI over FireWire (Requires scbus and da)
    device        fwe        # Ethernet over FireWire (non-standard!)
    device        fwip        # IP over FireWire (RFC 2734,3146)
    device        dcons        # Dumb console driver
    device        dcons_crom    # Configuration ROM for dcons

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